STARS Open Water Diver Manual

INDEX

Orientation
Transform into a Fish on Your Holidays
Certificate of Fitness for Diving
Certification Card (C-Card)
 
Dive Equipment
Mask
Snorkel
Fins
Gloves/Boots
Diving suits
Weights
Tank
Regulator
Backup Scuba
BC
Gauge
Other Equipment 1
Other Equipment 2
Other Equipment 3
Equipment Setup
Equipment Maintenance
 
Underwater Environment
Topography and Artificial Structures 1
Topography and Artificial Structures 2
Ocean Conditions 1
Ocean Conditions 2
Poisonous Sea Life 1
Poisonous Sea Life 2
Aggressive Sea Life
 
Underwater Physiology
Light and Color
Sound
Drag/Buoyancy
Heat Absorption
Air Composition
Breathing and Circulation Mechanism
Diver Breathing /Air Consumption
Pressure
Pressure and Gas Volume
Lung Over-expansion Injury
Air Embolism
Gas Poisoning
Hyperventilation
Skip Breathing
Decompression Sickness (DCS)
The Human Body’s Air Spaces
Squeeze and Equalization
Specific Squeeze Types
Reverse Block and Equalization
Specific Body Air Cavities and Reverse Block
 
Plan and Rules
Diving Site Selection
Leader and Member
Buddy System
Equipment
Health Maintenance
Refresher Course
Cancellation and Modification
Emergency Plan
Communication
Air Consumption Ratio
Dive Table
Change of the internal nitrogen quantity
Comparison of the internal nitrogen quantity
Constitution of the Dive Table
No-decompression Dive Limit
Residual Group
Surfacing Time
Nitrogen Disappearance Time
Surface Interval Time
No-decompression Dive Limit for the second diving
Residual Nitrogen Time
Residual Group for the second diving
Decompression Stop
Safety Stop
Time Until Safe To Fly
Other attention
Work Sheet
Making a Dive Plan
Multi-Level Diving
Manners
 
Diving Skills
Donning Snorkel Set
Snorkel Clear
Fin Work
Donning the Weight Belt
Head First
Equipment Setup
Entry
Descent
Regulator Clear
Mask Clear
Regulator Recovery
Buoyancy Control
BC Donning and Removal
Weight Belt Donning and Removal
Equipment Release
Dealing with Emergencies 1
Dealing with Emergencies 2
Dealing with Emergencies 3

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STARS net-diver School

Underwater Physiology

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Air Embolism

In the case of ruptured alveoli, air directly entering the blood vessels can cause blood flow to stop, which is a very dangerous medical condition, to say the least. The more common cerebral vascular embolization’s symptoms include dizziness, mental affect, paralysis, coma, leading to death in the worst case. These symptoms are very quick to develop upon surfacing from a dive. So, if an air embolism is suspected, oxygen and other first aid, followed by immediate transport to a hospital, are necessary. In the hospital’s recompression chamber (a small, pressurized room or tank), the diver is recompressed to a greater pressure to reduce the size of the air bubbles in the body.

The key point is never to surface while holding your breath.

Make sure to develop a pattern of always regularly breathing underwater.


Air Bubble

Blood Vessel

Ruptured Alveoli

Capillary

Damaged Lung

Structure of an Air Embolism



Recompression Chamber Treatment



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